The first resolution was adopted in 1945 to increase and ratify the power of Mao Zedong, and the second was adopted under Deng Xiaoping. This is the third fundamental resolution of the Chinese Communist Party since its inception. On 11 November 2021, the CCP declared Xi's ideology the "essence of Chinese culture". As the central figure of the fifth generation of leadership of the People's Republic, Xi has significantly centralised institutional power by taking on a wide range of leadership positions, including chairing the newly formed National Security Commission, as well as new steering committees on economic and social reforms, military restructuring and modernization, and the Internet. Xi's political thoughts have been incorporated into the party and national constitutions.
Xi has often been described as a dictator or an authoritarian leader by political and academic observers, citing an increase of censorship and mass surveillance, a deterioration in human rights including the internment of Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang, the cult of personality developing around him, and the removal of term limits for the leadership under his tenure. He has sought to expand China's African and Eurasian influence through the Belt and Road Initiative.
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He has also enacted or promoted a more assertive foreign policy, particularly with regard to China–Japan relations, China's claims in the South China Sea, and its advocacy for free trade and globalization. His anti-corruption campaign has led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired CCP officials, including a former member of the Politburo Standing Committee. Since assuming power, Xi has introduced far-ranging measures to enforce party discipline and to impose internal unity. Xi is the first CCP General Secretary born after the establishment of the People's Republic of China. In 2018, he abolished presidential term limits. Xi has also been a member of the 17th, 18th, 19th CCP Politburo Standing Committee since 2007. He officially received the title of " leadership core" from the CCP in 2016. In 2008, he was designated as Hu Jintao's presumed successor as paramount leader to that end, Xi was appointed Vice President of the People's Republic of China and Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission. He subsequently joined the Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP and served as first secretary of the Central Secretariat in October 2007. Following the dismissal of the Party Secretary of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to replace him for a brief period in 2007. Xi was Governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, before becoming Governor and Party Secretary of neighbouring Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. After studying chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a " Worker-Peasant-Soldier student", Xi rose through the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces. The son of Chinese Communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, he was exiled to rural Yanchuan County as a teenager following his father's purge during the Cultural Revolution, and lived in a yaodong in the village of Liangjiahe, where he joined the CCP and worked as the party secretary. Xi has been the paramount leader of China, the most prominent political leader in China, since 2012. Xi Jinping ( English: / ˈ ʃ iː dʒ ɪ n ˈ p ɪ ŋ/ SHEE jin- PING Chinese: 习近平 pinyin: Xí Jìnpíng born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has been serving as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) since 2012, and President of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 2013.
2013–present: Chairman, National Security Commission.2014–2018: Leader, Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization.2014–present: Leader, Leading Group for Defence and Military Reform.2018–present: Chairman, Commission on Comprehensively Deepening Reforms.2018–present: Chairman, Central Commission on Internet Affairs.2018–present: Chairman, Central Commission on Foreign Affairs.2018–present: Leader, Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission.
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